The International Journal of Music Education (IJME) is a peer-reviewed journal published by the International Society for Music Education (ISME) four times a year. Manuscripts published are scholarly works, representing empirical research in a variety of modalities. They enhance knowledge regarding the teaching and learning of music with a special interest toward an international constituency. Manuscripts report results of quantitative or qualitative research studies, summarize bodies or research, present theories, models, or philosophical positions, etc. Papers show relevance to advancing the practice of music teaching and learning at all age levels with issues of direct concern to the classroom or studio, in school and out, private and group instruction. All manuscripts should contain evidence of a scholarly approach and be situated within the current literature. Implications for learning and teaching of music should be clearly stated, relevant, contemporary, and of interest to an international readership.